packer基本使用

云原生 KubeVirt CI
发布时间 :
阅读 :
  1. packer 是什么
  2. install
  3. run
    1. 编写 Packer 模板并构建 Packer 镜像
    2. 使用配置器将软件安装和配置到镜像中
    3. 通过 Packer 变量来参数化 Packer 构建，使其更加健壮
    4. 变量文件构建映像
    5. 使用命令行标志构建映像
    6. Parallel Builds并行构建
    7. Post-Processors（后处理器）

目录：（可以按w快捷键切换大纲视图）

  1. packer 是什么
  2. install
  3. run
    1. 编写 Packer 模板并构建 Packer 镜像
    2. 使用配置器将软件安装和配置到镜像中
    3. 通过 Packer 变量来参数化 Packer 构建，使其更加健壮
    4. 变量文件构建映像
    5. 使用命令行标志构建映像
    6. Parallel Builds并行构建
    7. Post-Processors（后处理器）

packer 是什么

Packer是一个从单一的模板文件来创建多平台一致性镜像的轻量级开源工具，它能够运行在常用的主流操作系统如Windows、Linux和Mac os上，能够高效的并行创建多平台例如AWS、Azure和Alicloud的镜像，它的目的并不是取代Puppet/Chef等配置管理工具，实际上，当制作镜像的时候，Packer可以使用Chef或者Puppet等工具来安装镜像所需要的软件。通过Packer自动化的创建各种平台的镜像是非常容易的。

告别手工配置各类资源而采用基础设施即代码的方式，可以获得多种好处：

  • 可重复 - 可以随时重新创建基础架构，例如在灾备环境重新创建生产环境。
  • 可一致性 - 在各个不同的环境之间实现最大程度的一致性，减少环境差异导致的生产、测试效率下降。
  • 可追溯回滚 - 环境的所有变化都通过代码实现，而代码的变化是可以追溯回滚的。
  • 快速 - 由于基础架构是通过代码实现的，那么改变或者重建系统时就会非常快，是敏捷开发和DevOps中必不可少的一步。

install

sudo yum install -y yum-utils
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://rpm.releases.hashicorp.com/RHEL/hashicorp.repo
sudo yum -y install packer

run

编写 Packer 模板并构建 Packer 镜像

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~  packer -v
1.8.2
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~  mkdir packer_tutorial
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~  cd packer_tutorial 
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  vi docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
  ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
packer {
  required_plugins {
    docker = {
      version = ">= 0.0.7"
      source = "github.com/hashicorp/docker"
    }
  }
}

source "docker" "ubuntu" {
  image  = "ubuntu:xenial"
  commit = true
}

build {
  name    = "learn-packer"
  sources = [
    "source.docker.ubuntu"
  ]
}
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer init .
Installed plugin github.com/hashicorp/docker v1.0.6 in "/root/.config/packer/plugins/github.com/hashicorp/docker/packer-plugin-docker_v1.0.6_x5.0_linux_amd64"
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer fmt .
docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer validate .
The configuration is valid.
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer build docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: output will be in this color.

==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:xenial
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Resolved "ubuntu" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:xenial...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:58690f9b18fca6469a14da4e212c96849469f9b1be6661d2342a4bf01774aa50
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:fb15d46c38dcd1ea0b1990006c3366ecd10c79d374f341687eb2cb23a2c8672e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:fb15d46c38dcd1ea0b1990006c3366ecd10c79d374f341687eb2cb23a2c8672e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:58690f9b18fca6469a14da4e212c96849469f9b1be6661d2342a4bf01774aa50
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:b51569e7c50720acf6860327847fe342a1afbe148d24c529fb81df105e3eed01
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:b51569e7c50720acf6860327847fe342a1afbe148d24c529fb81df105e3eed01
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:da8ef40b9ecabc2679fe2419957220c0272a965c5cf7e0269fa1aeeb8c56f2e1
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:da8ef40b9ecabc2679fe2419957220c0272a965c5cf7e0269fa1aeeb8c56f2e1
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying config sha256:b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp2360805626:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:xenial
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Container ID: 0b71e6aa7a989c2d1c7437b7ee8f45c430d01caf98694692daff491e6ff736d3
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.3
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Committing the container
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Image ID: 67805af31a79afadb2efbfb28c0727e7d1f4b363d271a573882a29538332ea4a
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Killing the container: 0b71e6aa7a989c2d1c7437b7ee8f45c430d01caf98694692daff491e6ff736d3
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu' finished after 17 seconds 110 milliseconds.

==> Wait completed after 17 seconds 110 milliseconds

==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Imported Docker image: 67805af31a79afadb2efbfb28c0727e7d1f4b363d271a573882a29538332ea4a
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  docker images                                                                   
Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
REPOSITORY                   TAG                 IMAGE ID      CREATED         SIZE
<none>                       <none>              67805af31a79  31 seconds ago  139 MB

使用配置器将软件安装和配置到镜像中

使用配置器可以完成自动化对镜像的修改。可以使用 shell 脚本、文件上传以及 工具如Chef 或 Puppet的集成。

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  vi docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl 
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl 
packer {
  required_plugins {
    docker = {
      version = ">= 0.0.7"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/docker"
    }
  }
}

source "docker" "ubuntu" {
  image  = "ubuntu:xenial"
  commit = true
}

build {
  name    = "learn-packer"
  sources = [
    "source.docker.ubuntu"
  ]
  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars = [
      "FOO=hello world",
    ]
    inline = [
      "echo Adding file to Docker Container",
      "echo \"FOO is $FOO\" > example.txt",
    ]
  }
}
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer build docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: output will be in this color.

==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:xenial
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:xenial...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:fb15d46c38dcd1ea0b1990006c3366ecd10c79d374f341687eb2cb23a2c8672e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:58690f9b18fca6469a14da4e212c96849469f9b1be6661d2342a4bf01774aa50
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:b51569e7c50720acf6860327847fe342a1afbe148d24c529fb81df105e3eed01
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:da8ef40b9ecabc2679fe2419957220c0272a965c5cf7e0269fa1aeeb8c56f2e1
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying config sha256:b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp1662891009:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:xenial
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Container ID: d87bd6538f024785583193c89c3163893f6102f24a8802890598b776e9635be5
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.4
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell3215798209
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Adding file to Docker Container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Committing the container
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Image ID: f9ecc8696ab12ad121214450f43f74d64280e08b17d2a7ed2367a754bab20c6d
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Killing the container: d87bd6538f024785583193c89c3163893f6102f24a8802890598b776e9635be5
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu' finished after 9 seconds 559 milliseconds.

==> Wait completed after 9 seconds 559 milliseconds

==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Imported Docker image: f9ecc8696ab12ad121214450f43f74d64280e08b17d2a7ed2367a754bab20c6d
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  docker images
Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
REPOSITORY                   TAG                 IMAGE ID      CREATED         SIZE
<none>                       <none>              f9ecc8696ab1  14 seconds ago  139 MB
<none>                       <none>              67805af31a79  14 minutes ago  139 MB
quay.io/kubevirtci/k8s-1.21  2207120734-32ed068  75c519e42ddf  6 days ago      14.9 GB
quay.io/kubevirtci/gocli     2207120734-32ed068  2b7ac78aac01  6 days ago      14.5 MB
<none>                       <none>              6a7046328a54  7 days ago      3.55 GB
docker.io/kindest/node       <none>              f5aa68ba122a  8 weeks ago     915 MB
quay.io/fedora/fedora        <none>              3a66698e6040  2 months ago    169 MB
docker.io/library/golang     1.17.8              5bd8c5733e7c  3 months ago    963 MB
docker.io/library/ubuntu     xenial              b6f507652425  10 months ago   139 MB
docker.io/kindest/node       v1.18.15            f4403d4d6580  18 months ago   1.29 GB
quay.io/libpod/registry      2.7                 2d4f4b5309b1  2 years ago     26.8 MB
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  docker run -it f9ecc8696ab1       
Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  example.txt  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  packer-files  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
# cat example.txt
FOO is hello world
#

通过 Packer 变量来参数化 Packer 构建，使其更加健壮

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl 
packer {
  required_plugins {
    docker = {
      version = ">= 0.0.7"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/docker"
    }
  }
}
#定义变量块
variable "docker_image" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu:xenial"
}

source "docker" "ubuntu" {
  image  = var.docker_image
  commit = true
}

build {
  name = "learn-packer"
  sources = [
    "source.docker.ubuntu"
  ]

  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars = [
      "FOO=hello world",
    ]
    inline = [
      "echo Adding file to Docker Container",
      "echo \"FOO is $FOO\" > example.txt",
    ]
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    inline = [
      "echo Running ${var.docker_image} Docker image.",
    "echo \"${var.docker_image} is run\" > example.txt", ]
  }
}

变量文件构建映像

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  vi example.pkrvars.hcl
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat example.pkrvars.hcl 
docker_image = "ubuntu:bionic"
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer build --var-file=example.pkrvars.hcl docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl

升序优先顺序是：变量默认值、环境变量、变量文件、命令行标志

使用命令行标志构建映像

packer build --var docker_image=ubuntu:groovy .
#命令行标志具有最高优先级，并将覆盖其他方法定义的值。

Parallel Builds并行构建

上面的例子是 Packer 自动构建镜像并从模板进行配置。模板可以参数化，允许使用相同的模板构建不同的镜像。虽然这已经非常强大，但 Packer 可以并行创建多个镜像，所有镜像都从一个模板进行配置。

并行构建是 Packer 的一个非常有用且重要的特性。

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  vi docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl                      
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl 
packer {
  required_plugins {
    docker = {
      version = ">= 0.0.7"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/docker"
    }
  }
}
#定义变量块
variable "docker_image" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu:xenial"
}

source "docker" "ubuntu" {
  image  = var.docker_image
  commit = true
}

source "docker" "ubuntu-bionic" {
  image = "ubuntu:bionic"
  commit = true
}

build {
  name = "learn-packer"
  sources = [
    "source.docker.ubuntu",
    "source.docker.ubuntu-bionic"
  ]

  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars = [
      "FOO=hello world",
    ]
    inline = [
      "echo Adding file to Docker Container",
      "echo \"FOO is $FOO\" > example.txt",
    ]
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    inline = [
      "echo Running ${var.docker_image} Docker image.",
    "echo \"${var.docker_image} is run\" > example.txt", ]
  }
}

docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl文件的改动2个地方，增加一个新的源，在构建器build中将新添加的源加入，就可以执行并行构建了。

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer build docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl                                    
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: output will be in this color.
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: output will be in this color.

==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:xenial
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:bionic
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:xenial...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:bionic...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:58690f9b18fca6469a14da4e212c96849469f9b1be6661d2342a4bf01774aa50
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:fb15d46c38dcd1ea0b1990006c3366ecd10c79d374f341687eb2cb23a2c8672e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:b51569e7c50720acf6860327847fe342a1afbe148d24c529fb81df105e3eed01
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:da8ef40b9ecabc2679fe2419957220c0272a965c5cf7e0269fa1aeeb8c56f2e1
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying config sha256:b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Copying blob sha256:09db6f815738b9c8f25420c47e093f89abaabaa653f9678587b57e8f4400b5ff
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Copying config sha256:ad080923604aa54962e903125cd9a860605c111bc45afc7d491cd8c77dccc13b
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: ad080923604aa54962e903125cd9a860605c111bc45afc7d491cd8c77dccc13b
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp1482137701:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:xenial
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp693255817:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:bionic
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Container ID: e3f8b5a0c697f386eb0869847eeee767fe7b28b9a510b891acb9bff708709e67
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Container ID: 2daa185c53f71f72073db84e59d3e9b04631988508bf69199565c465f4ccc691
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.10
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.11
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell3346859242
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell4269906106
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Adding file to Docker Container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Adding file to Docker Container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell698744963
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell572675197
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Running ubuntu:xenial Docker image.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Running ubuntu:xenial Docker image.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Committing the container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Committing the container
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Image ID: 650f4f83a78cbf1b450462fca7e2a1ef2ab4244e5832c817c10f73da63f6482b
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Killing the container: e3f8b5a0c697f386eb0869847eeee767fe7b28b9a510b891acb9bff708709e67
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Image ID: 84866d8ebc71659a27f62da31972ee03e5518b84f1e7af29df10cd055923ec88
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Killing the container: 2daa185c53f71f72073db84e59d3e9b04631988508bf69199565c465f4ccc691
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu' finished after 11 seconds 309 milliseconds.
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic' finished after 11 seconds 581 milliseconds.

==> Wait completed after 11 seconds 581 milliseconds

==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Imported Docker image: 84866d8ebc71659a27f62da31972ee03e5518b84f1e7af29df10cd055923ec88
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Imported Docker image: 650f4f83a78cbf1b450462fca7e2a1ef2ab4244e5832c817c10f73da63f6482b
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  docker images
Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
REPOSITORY                   TAG                 IMAGE ID      CREATED         SIZE
<none>                       <none>              84866d8ebc71  45 seconds ago  65.5 MB
<none>                       <none>              650f4f83a78c  46 seconds ago  139 MB

可以看出packer几乎同时并行构建出了两个镜像。在终端的输出啷个镜像的日志输出还会以不同的颜色区分开。

Post-Processors（后处理器）

后处理器仅在 Packer 将实例保存为镜像后运行。比如给镜像打tag，push镜像到镜像仓库中。

下面是将上面的两个<none> <none>镜像打上docker hub镜像仓库的tag和镜像名称。

 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  cat docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
packer {
  required_plugins {
    docker = {
      version = ">= 0.0.7"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/docker"
    }
  }
}
#定义变量块
variable "docker_image" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu:xenial"
}

source "docker" "ubuntu" {
  image  = var.docker_image
  commit = true
}

source "docker" "ubuntu-bionic" {
  image = "ubuntu:bionic"
  commit = true
}

build {
  name = "learn-packer"
  sources = [
    "source.docker.ubuntu",
    "source.docker.ubuntu-bionic"
  ]

  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars = [
      "FOO=hello world",
    ]
    inline = [
      "echo Adding file to Docker Container",
      "echo \"FOO is $FOO\" > example.txt",
    ]
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    inline = [
      "echo Running ${var.docker_image} Docker image.",
    "echo \"${var.docker_image} is run\" > example.txt", ]
  }

  post-processor "docker-tag" {
    repository = "docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer"
    tags       = ["ubuntu-xenial"]
    only       = ["docker.ubuntu"]
  }

  post-processor "docker-tag" {
    repository = "docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer"
    tags       = ["ubuntu-bionic"]
    only       = ["docker.ubuntu-bionic"]
  }

}
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  packer build docker-ubuntu.pkr.hcl
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: output will be in this color.
learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: output will be in this color.

==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:xenial
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Creating a temporary directory for sharing data...
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Pulling Docker image: ubuntu:bionic
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:xenial...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Trying to pull docker.io/library/ubuntu:bionic...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:fb15d46c38dcd1ea0b1990006c3366ecd10c79d374f341687eb2cb23a2c8672e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:58690f9b18fca6469a14da4e212c96849469f9b1be6661d2342a4bf01774aa50
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:b51569e7c50720acf6860327847fe342a1afbe148d24c529fb81df105e3eed01
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying blob sha256:da8ef40b9ecabc2679fe2419957220c0272a965c5cf7e0269fa1aeeb8c56f2e1
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Copying config sha256:b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: b6f50765242581c887ff1acc2511fa2d885c52d8fb3ac8c4bba131fd86567f2e
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Getting image source signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Copying blob sha256:09db6f815738b9c8f25420c47e093f89abaabaa653f9678587b57e8f4400b5ff
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Copying config sha256:ad080923604aa54962e903125cd9a860605c111bc45afc7d491cd8c77dccc13b
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Writing manifest to image destination
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Storing signatures
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: ad080923604aa54962e903125cd9a860605c111bc45afc7d491cd8c77dccc13b
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp365344593:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:xenial
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Starting docker container...
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Run command: docker run -v /root/.config/packer/tmp4014349311:/packer-files -d -i -t --entrypoint=/bin/sh -- ubuntu:bionic
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Container ID: c192dfae9e337494d8a546c910b3f0c33a9a4b83f1ee6c7f171f3b1c40594730
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Container ID: 45ffe2ce564c759f494c3200738d7b69cb0380aca8cc28c107f30a41a97d87a4
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.42
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Using docker communicator to connect: 10.88.0.43
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell2775187190
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell3991206840
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Adding file to Docker Container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Adding file to Docker Container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell2904612276
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Provisioning with shell script: /tmp/packer-shell4062296095
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Running ubuntu:xenial Docker image.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Running ubuntu:xenial Docker image.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Committing the container
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Committing the container
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Image ID: dd6c1c9754a9d1d88f170e164f5eb7a891ace610f54d20518ab56d76afd4b841
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Killing the container: 45ffe2ce564c759f494c3200738d7b69cb0380aca8cc28c107f30a41a97d87a4
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Running post-processor:  (type docker-tag)
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic (docker-tag): Tagging image: dd6c1c9754a9d1d88f170e164f5eb7a891ace610f54d20518ab56d76afd4b841    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic (docker-tag): Repository: docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-bionic
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Image ID: b342eb242433dffb355c0734cd8c750695fe0f276f397c160ac39aab575af158
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Killing the container: c192dfae9e337494d8a546c910b3f0c33a9a4b83f1ee6c7f171f3b1c40594730
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic' finished after 11 seconds 861 milliseconds.
==> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Running post-processor:  (type docker-tag)
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu (docker-tag): Tagging image: b342eb242433dffb355c0734cd8c750695fe0f276f397c160ac39aab575af158
    learn-packer.docker.ubuntu (docker-tag): Repository: docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-xenial
Build 'learn-packer.docker.ubuntu' finished after 12 seconds 334 milliseconds.

==> Wait completed after 12 seconds 334 milliseconds

==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Imported Docker image: dd6c1c9754a9d1d88f170e164f5eb7a891ace610f54d20518ab56d76afd4b841
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu-bionic: Imported Docker image: docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-bionic with tags docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-bionic
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Imported Docker image: b342eb242433dffb355c0734cd8c750695fe0f276f397c160ac39aab575af158
--> learn-packer.docker.ubuntu: Imported Docker image: docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-xenial with tags docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer:ubuntu-xenial
 ⚡ root@localhost  ~/packer_tutorial  docker images
Emulate Docker CLI using podman. Create /etc/containers/nodocker to quiet msg.
REPOSITORY                           TAG                 IMAGE ID      CREATED            SIZE
docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer  ubuntu-xenial       b342eb242433  7 seconds ago      139 MB
docker.io/backendcloud/learn-packer  ubuntu-bionic       dd6c1c9754a9  8 seconds ago      65.5 MB
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